{
  "version": "v1",
  "source": "https://craftquantities.com",
  "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "attribution": "Craft Quantities — craftquantities.com",
  "documentation": "https://craftquantities.com/api/",
  "versioning": "Fields are added, never removed or repurposed, within a version. A breaking change becomes /api/v2/ and v1 keeps being built.",
  "id": "copper-conductors",
  "family": "electrical",
  "title": "Copper conductor sizes and ampacity",
  "page": "https://craftquantities.com/reference/electrical/copper-conductors/",
  "citation": {
    "author": "Craft Quantities",
    "title": "Copper conductor sizes and ampacity",
    "version": null,
    "sourcesChecked": null,
    "url": "https://craftquantities.com/reference/electrical/copper-conductors/",
    "accessDate": null,
    "accessDateNote": "Add the date you retrieved this. It is deliberately absent: a static file cannot know when you read it, and the build date would be wrong.",
    "permanentVersionedUrl": null,
    "permanentVersionedUrlNote": "Not offered. This site keeps no archive of previous builds, so any such URL would resolve to the current page or to nothing. The version and sourcesChecked fields identify the calculation instead.",
    "formats": {
      "plain": "Craft Quantities. Copper conductor sizes and ampacity. https://craftquantities.com/reference/electrical/copper-conductors/",
      "apa": "Craft Quantities. (n.d.). Copper conductor sizes and ampacity (undated version) [Dataset]. Retrieved from https://craftquantities.com/reference/electrical/copper-conductors/",
      "harvard": "Craft Quantities (n.d.) Copper conductor sizes and ampacity (undated version). Available at: https://craftquantities.com/reference/electrical/copper-conductors/",
      "bibtex": "@misc{craftquantities-reference-electrical-copper-conductors,\n  author       = {{Craft Quantities}},\n  title        = {Copper conductor sizes and ampacity},\n  howpublished = {\\url{https://craftquantities.com/reference/electrical/copper-conductors/}},\n}"
    }
  },
  "summary": "Every copper conductor size this site computes with, in both systems, with the NEC ampacity beside it. AWG runs backwards and then turns over — 14 is thinner than 12, and above 1 the sizes are written 1/0 to 4/0 rather than 0 to −3 — which is the single commonest way a size is read wrong off a drawing. The area and diameter columns are not measurements: AWG is a defined geometric series, 36 AWG at 0.005 in and 4/0 at 0.46 in with a constant ratio across the 39 steps between them, so both follow by arithmetic from the gauge number alone. The three ampacity columns are the same conductor at three insulation temperature ratings, and the column that governs is not the one on the cable — it is the lowest rating anywhere in the path, including the breaker and the equipment it feeds. Most breakers are listed at 75 °C and much residential equipment at 60 °C, so a 90 °C conductor very often has to be sized from the 60 °C column. The 90 °C column earns its place in derating rather than in sizing: it is the figure the adjustment and correction factors are applied to, and the result then has to land at or under the terminal's own column. Ampacity is a lookup and not a formula, which is why there is no row between the ones printed. It is a tabulated heat-dissipation figure for a specific set of conditions — ambient 30 °C, not more than three current-carrying conductors in a raceway — and interpolating between two rows invents a number the code does not publish. The table also steps 8, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1, so there are no rows for 9, 7 or 5, and the sizes above 1/0 here carry geometry without an ampacity because this site's calculators stop there. The nearest-IEC column answers what to buy instead rather than what is equivalent. A 6 AWG conductor is 13.3 mm² and the nearest standard metric size is 16 mm², which is larger — helpful when substituting, misleading if read as a conversion, and never a substitution you should make without checking the ampacity rules that apply where the work is.",
  "excludes": "Copper only. Aluminium has its own column at materially lower values, and using a copper figure on aluminium oversizes the protection, which is the dangerous direction. No temperature correction and no conduit-fill adjustment: both are separate tables applied to the figures here, not built into them. No overcurrent device sizing beyond the 240.4(D) caps noted on the three small sizes, and nothing at all about voltage drop, which is a length problem rather than a size problem and frequently governs before ampacity does.",
  "columns": [
    {
      "key": "gauge",
      "label": "Size"
    },
    {
      "key": "area",
      "label": "Area",
      "unit": "mm²",
      "align": "right"
    },
    {
      "key": "diameter",
      "label": "Diameter",
      "unit": "mm",
      "align": "right"
    },
    {
      "key": "iec",
      "label": "Nearest IEC",
      "unit": "mm²",
      "align": "right",
      "source": {
        "kind": "standard",
        "text": "IEC 60228 nominal conductor cross-sections. Nearest by area — not an equivalence, and never a substitution without checking the ampacity that applies where you are."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "c60",
      "label": "60 °C",
      "unit": "A",
      "align": "right",
      "source": {
        "kind": "standard",
        "text": "NFPA 70 (NEC) Table 310.16 — allowable ampacities of insulated copper conductors, ambient 30 °C, not more than three current-carrying conductors in a raceway."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "c75",
      "label": "75 °C",
      "unit": "A",
      "align": "right",
      "source": {
        "kind": "standard",
        "text": "NFPA 70 (NEC) Table 310.16 — allowable ampacities of insulated copper conductors, ambient 30 °C, not more than three current-carrying conductors in a raceway."
      }
    },
    {
      "key": "c90",
      "label": "90 °C",
      "unit": "A",
      "align": "right",
      "source": {
        "kind": "standard",
        "text": "NFPA 70 (NEC) Table 310.16 — allowable ampacities of insulated copper conductors, ambient 30 °C, not more than three current-carrying conductors in a raceway."
      }
    }
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          "kind": "point",
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          "precision": 2
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          "kind": "point",
          "value": 1.02368734,
          "precision": 2
        },
        "iec": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 0.75,
          "precision": 2
        }
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      "source": {
        "kind": "arithmetic",
        "text": "AWG is a defined geometric series — d = 0.005 in × 92^((36 − n)/39) — so diameter and area are arithmetic rather than measurements. The nearest IEC column is the closest of IEC 60228's nominal cross-sections, which is a comparison rather than an equivalence."
      },
      "note": "Table 310.16 publishes no ampacity for this size. The geometry is still defined, and a size the table does not carry is one the code does not let you size a branch circuit from.",
      "attachedCalculators": 11,
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          "value": 1.29084591,
          "precision": 2
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        "iec": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 1.5,
          "precision": 2
        }
      },
      "source": {
        "kind": "arithmetic",
        "text": "AWG is a defined geometric series — d = 0.005 in × 92^((36 − n)/39) — so diameter and area are arithmetic rather than measurements. The nearest IEC column is the closest of IEC 60228's nominal cross-sections, which is a comparison rather than an equivalence."
      },
      "note": "Table 310.16 publishes no ampacity for this size. The geometry is still defined, and a size the table does not carry is one the code does not let you size a branch circuit from.",
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    {
      "id": "14-awg",
      "cells": {
        "gauge": {
          "kind": "text",
          "text": "14 AWG"
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        "area": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 2.08090772,
          "precision": 2
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          "kind": "point",
          "value": 1.62772663,
          "precision": 2
        },
        "iec": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 2.5,
          "precision": 2
        },
        "c60": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 15,
          "precision": 0
        },
        "c75": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 20,
          "precision": 0
        },
        "c90": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 25,
          "precision": 0
        }
      },
      "source": {
        "kind": "arithmetic",
        "text": "AWG is a defined geometric series — d = 0.005 in × 92^((36 − n)/39) — so diameter and area are arithmetic rather than measurements. The nearest IEC column is the closest of IEC 60228's nominal cross-sections, which is a comparison rather than an equivalence."
      },
      "note": "NEC 240.4(D) caps overcurrent protection on this size at 15 A regardless of the column values above — the 75 °C figure is what the conductor can carry, not what may protect it.",
      "attachedCalculators": 11,
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        {
          "slug": "awg-to-mm2-calculator",
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          "slug": "box-fill-calculator",
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        {
          "slug": "cable-voltage-drop-calculator",
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          "slug": "conduit-fill-calculator",
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        {
          "slug": "copper-aluminum-wire-equivalent-calculator",
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        {
          "slug": "extension-cord-gauge-calculator",
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          "slug": "grounding-conductor-sizing-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/grounding-conductor-sizing-calculator/"
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        {
          "slug": "landscape-lighting-wire-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/landscape-lighting-wire-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "wire-gauge-to-amperage-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/wire-gauge-to-amperage-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "wire-gauge-voltage-drop-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/wire-gauge-voltage-drop-calculator/"
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    },
    {
      "id": "12-awg",
      "cells": {
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          "kind": "text",
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        },
        "area": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 3.30877288,
          "precision": 2
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        "diameter": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 2.05252539,
          "precision": 2
        },
        "iec": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 4,
          "precision": 2
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        "c60": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 20,
          "precision": 0
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        "c75": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 25,
          "precision": 0
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        "c90": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 30,
          "precision": 0
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      },
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        "kind": "arithmetic",
        "text": "AWG is a defined geometric series — d = 0.005 in × 92^((36 − n)/39) — so diameter and area are arithmetic rather than measurements. The nearest IEC column is the closest of IEC 60228's nominal cross-sections, which is a comparison rather than an equivalence."
      },
      "note": "NEC 240.4(D) caps overcurrent protection on this size at 20 A regardless of the column values above — the 75 °C figure is what the conductor can carry, not what may protect it.",
      "attachedCalculators": 11,
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    },
    {
      "id": "10-awg",
      "cells": {
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          "kind": "text",
          "text": "10 AWG"
        },
        "area": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 5.26115495,
          "precision": 2
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          "value": 2.58818673,
          "precision": 2
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        "iec": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 6,
          "precision": 2
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          "precision": 0
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          "value": 35,
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          "kind": "point",
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        "kind": "arithmetic",
        "text": "AWG is a defined geometric series — d = 0.005 in × 92^((36 − n)/39) — so diameter and area are arithmetic rather than measurements. The nearest IEC column is the closest of IEC 60228's nominal cross-sections, which is a comparison rather than an equivalence."
      },
      "note": "NEC 240.4(D) caps overcurrent protection on this size at 30 A regardless of the column values above — the 75 °C figure is what the conductor can carry, not what may protect it.",
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    {
      "id": "8-awg",
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          "kind": "point",
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      },
      "source": {
        "kind": "arithmetic",
        "text": "AWG is a defined geometric series — d = 0.005 in × 92^((36 − n)/39) — so diameter and area are arithmetic rather than measurements. The nearest IEC column is the closest of IEC 60228's nominal cross-sections, which is a comparison rather than an equivalence."
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        },
        {
          "slug": "grounding-conductor-sizing-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/grounding-conductor-sizing-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "landscape-lighting-wire-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/landscape-lighting-wire-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "wire-gauge-to-amperage-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/wire-gauge-to-amperage-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "wire-gauge-voltage-drop-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/wire-gauge-voltage-drop-calculator/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "4-0-awg",
      "cells": {
        "gauge": {
          "kind": "text",
          "text": "4/0 AWG"
        },
        "area": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 107.219303,
          "precision": 2
        },
        "diameter": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 11.684,
          "precision": 2
        },
        "iec": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 95,
          "precision": 2
        }
      },
      "source": {
        "kind": "arithmetic",
        "text": "AWG is a defined geometric series — d = 0.005 in × 92^((36 − n)/39) — so diameter and area are arithmetic rather than measurements. The nearest IEC column is the closest of IEC 60228's nominal cross-sections, which is a comparison rather than an equivalence."
      },
      "note": "Table 310.16 publishes no ampacity for this size. The geometry is still defined, and a size the table does not carry is one the code does not let you size a branch circuit from.",
      "attachedCalculators": 11,
      "usedBy": [
        {
          "slug": "amperage-to-wire-gauge-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/amperage-to-wire-gauge-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "awg-to-mm2-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/awg-to-mm2-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "box-fill-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/box-fill-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "cable-voltage-drop-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/cable-voltage-drop-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "conduit-fill-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/conduit-fill-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "copper-aluminum-wire-equivalent-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/copper-aluminum-wire-equivalent-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "extension-cord-gauge-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/extension-cord-gauge-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "grounding-conductor-sizing-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/grounding-conductor-sizing-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "landscape-lighting-wire-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/landscape-lighting-wire-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "wire-gauge-to-amperage-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/wire-gauge-to-amperage-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "wire-gauge-voltage-drop-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/wire-gauge-voltage-drop-calculator/"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "usedBy": [
    {
      "slug": "amperage-to-wire-gauge-calculator",
      "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/amperage-to-wire-gauge-calculator/"
    },
    {
      "slug": "awg-to-mm2-calculator",
      "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/awg-to-mm2-calculator/"
    },
    {
      "slug": "box-fill-calculator",
      "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/box-fill-calculator/"
    },
    {
      "slug": "cable-voltage-drop-calculator",
      "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/cable-voltage-drop-calculator/"
    },
    {
      "slug": "conduit-fill-calculator",
      "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/conduit-fill-calculator/"
    },
    {
      "slug": "copper-aluminum-wire-equivalent-calculator",
      "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/copper-aluminum-wire-equivalent-calculator/"
    },
    {
      "slug": "extension-cord-gauge-calculator",
      "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/extension-cord-gauge-calculator/"
    },
    {
      "slug": "grounding-conductor-sizing-calculator",
      "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/grounding-conductor-sizing-calculator/"
    },
    {
      "slug": "landscape-lighting-wire-calculator",
      "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/landscape-lighting-wire-calculator/"
    },
    {
      "slug": "wire-gauge-to-amperage-calculator",
      "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/wire-gauge-to-amperage-calculator/"
    },
    {
      "slug": "wire-gauge-voltage-drop-calculator",
      "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/electrical/wire-gauge-voltage-drop-calculator/"
    }
  ]
}