{
  "version": "v1",
  "source": "https://craftquantities.com",
  "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "attribution": "Craft Quantities — craftquantities.com",
  "documentation": "https://craftquantities.com/api/",
  "versioning": "Fields are added, never removed or repurposed, within a version. A breaking change becomes /api/v2/ and v1 keeps being built.",
  "id": "bulk-densities",
  "family": "materials",
  "title": "Bulk densities of construction materials",
  "page": "https://craftquantities.com/reference/materials/bulk-densities/",
  "citation": {
    "author": "Craft Quantities",
    "title": "Bulk densities of construction materials",
    "version": null,
    "sourcesChecked": null,
    "url": "https://craftquantities.com/reference/materials/bulk-densities/",
    "accessDate": null,
    "accessDateNote": "Add the date you retrieved this. It is deliberately absent: a static file cannot know when you read it, and the build date would be wrong.",
    "permanentVersionedUrl": null,
    "permanentVersionedUrlNote": "Not offered. This site keeps no archive of previous builds, so any such URL would resolve to the current page or to nothing. The version and sourcesChecked fields identify the calculation instead.",
    "formats": {
      "plain": "Craft Quantities. Bulk densities of construction materials. https://craftquantities.com/reference/materials/bulk-densities/",
      "apa": "Craft Quantities. (n.d.). Bulk densities of construction materials (undated version) [Dataset]. Retrieved from https://craftquantities.com/reference/materials/bulk-densities/",
      "harvard": "Craft Quantities (n.d.) Bulk densities of construction materials (undated version). Available at: https://craftquantities.com/reference/materials/bulk-densities/",
      "bibtex": "@misc{craftquantities-reference-materials-bulk-densities,\n  author       = {{Craft Quantities}},\n  title        = {Bulk densities of construction materials},\n  howpublished = {\\url{https://craftquantities.com/reference/materials/bulk-densities/}},\n}"
    }
  },
  "summary": "What a cubic metre of loose material actually weighs, in both systems, as this site's calculators compute it. These are bulk densities — the weight of the material as it sits in a heap or a lorry, air gaps included — and not the density of the substance itself. A cubic metre of gravel is nowhere near the weight of a cubic metre of the rock it was crushed from, because roughly a third of it is the space between the stones. No standard fixes any of these. What a yard delivers depends on where the material came from, how it is graded, how long it has been stockpiled and what the weather has been doing to it, so every row is a working figure rather than a published value. The single most useful thing on this page is not a number: it is that moisture and compaction move bulk density further than the difference between two similar materials does. Wet sand is a fifth heavier than the same sand dry, and that fifth is the difference between a legal load and an overweight one on a small tipper. Use them to size a skip, order a delivery or sanity-check a weight, and weigh a sample whenever a load sits close to a limit. A density read off any table — this one included — is a planning figure, and a weighbridge ticket is a fact. Five rows are published as ranges rather than figures: gravel, topsoil, asphalt, bark mulch and compost. For each of them this site's own pages compute with more than one working figure — the cubic-yards-to-tons converters, the material weight calculator and the generic volume-to-weight pages were written against different planning values — and publishing any one of those figures alone would claim an agreement the site does not have. Each of those rows names the pages behind its range. The other five rows are single figures because the calculators that use them agree to within the rounding between kilograms and pounds.",
  "excludes": "Nothing structural. These are loose bulk densities for handling and haulage, not the design densities a structural calculation uses — normal-weight concrete appears because the site's own weight calculator offers it, and a structural dead load is a different figure arrived at a different way. No timber species, no metals and no liquids beyond water, because this site's calculators do not look those up — they ask for the figure, and publishing a table nothing computes with would be exactly the unverified data this library refuses to be. And no allowance for the container: a skip rated by volume fills up before it reaches its weight limit with mulch and long before it reaches its volume with rubble.",
  "columns": [
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      "key": "material",
      "label": "Material"
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    {
      "key": "metric",
      "label": "Density",
      "unit": "kg/m³",
      "align": "right"
    },
    {
      "key": "imperial",
      "label": "Density",
      "unit": "lb/ft³",
      "align": "right"
    }
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    {
      "id": "gravel",
      "cells": {
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          "kind": "band",
          "low": 1600,
          "high": 1661,
          "precision": 0
        },
        "imperial": {
          "kind": "band",
          "low": 100,
          "high": 103.7,
          "precision": 1
        }
      },
      "source": {
        "kind": "trade-practice",
        "text": "Bulk densities as this site's calculators use them. No standard fixes the density of a loose material — what a yard delivers depends on the source, the grading and the weather — so these are working figures rather than published values, and a load close to a limit should be weighed rather than calculated."
      },
      "note": "Loose in a pile. Compacted in a trench it is heavier, and washed gravel drains so it does not hold the water that pushes wet sand up by a fifth. The Gravel Cubic Yards to Tons pages work on 1.4 short tons per cubic yard, which is 1,661 kg/m³, where the material weight and generic volume-to-weight pages use 1,600. The gravel pages' own limitations put stone sold as gravel anywhere from 1.2 to 1.6 tons per cubic yard.",
      "attachedCalculators": 8,
      "usedBy": [
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          "slug": "gravel-base-tonnage-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/gravel-base-tonnage-calculator/"
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        {
          "slug": "gravel-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/landscaping-outdoor/gravel-calculator/"
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        {
          "slug": "gravel-cubic-yards-to-tons-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/gravel-cubic-yards-to-tons-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "gravel-driveway-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/auto-utility/gravel-driveway-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "gravel-tons-to-cubic-yards-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/gravel-tons-to-cubic-yards-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "material-volume-to-weight-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/measurements-conversions/material-volume-to-weight-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "material-weight-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/material-weight-calculator/"
        },
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          "slug": "weight-to-volume-material-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/measurements-conversions/weight-to-volume-material-calculator/"
        }
      ]
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    {
      "id": "sand",
      "cells": {
        "material": {
          "kind": "text",
          "text": "Sand, dry loose"
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        "metric": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 1600,
          "precision": 0
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        "imperial": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 100,
          "precision": 1
        }
      },
      "source": {
        "kind": "trade-practice",
        "text": "Bulk densities as this site's calculators use them. No standard fixes the density of a loose material — what a yard delivers depends on the source, the grading and the weather — so these are working figures rather than published values, and a load close to a limit should be weighed rather than calculated."
      },
      "note": "Dry. Sand delivered from a yard is rarely dry, and the wet figure below is the one a delivery ticket usually reflects.",
      "attachedCalculators": 7,
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          "slug": "lime-mortar-mix-calculator",
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          "slug": "sand-cubic-yards-to-tons-calculator",
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      "id": "sand-wet",
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          "kind": "text",
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        "metric": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 1920,
          "precision": 0
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        "imperial": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 120,
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      "source": {
        "kind": "trade-practice",
        "text": "Bulk densities as this site's calculators use them. No standard fixes the density of a loose material — what a yard delivers depends on the source, the grading and the weather — so these are working figures rather than published values, and a load close to a limit should be weighed rather than calculated."
      },
      "note": "Twenty per cent heavier than the same sand dry, which is the difference between a legal load and an overweight one on a small tipper.",
      "attachedCalculators": 1,
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      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "topsoil",
      "cells": {
        "material": {
          "kind": "text",
          "text": "Topsoil, loose"
        },
        "metric": {
          "kind": "band",
          "low": 1300,
          "high": 1424,
          "precision": 0
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        "imperial": {
          "kind": "band",
          "low": 81,
          "high": 88.9,
          "precision": 1
        }
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      "source": {
        "kind": "trade-practice",
        "text": "Bulk densities as this site's calculators use them. No standard fixes the density of a loose material — what a yard delivers depends on the source, the grading and the weather — so these are working figures rather than published values, and a load close to a limit should be weighed rather than calculated."
      },
      "note": "Screened and loose. Topsoil with clay in it, or stockpiled and rained on, is materially heavier than this. The Topsoil Cubic Yards to Tons pages work on 1.2 short tons per cubic yard, which is 1,424 kg/m³, where the material weight page uses 1,300 and the generic volume-to-weight pages 2,200 lb per cubic yard.",
      "attachedCalculators": 8,
      "usedBy": [
        {
          "slug": "garden-soil-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/landscaping-outdoor/garden-soil-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "material-volume-to-weight-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/measurements-conversions/material-volume-to-weight-calculator/"
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          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/material-weight-calculator/"
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          "slug": "topsoil-cubic-yards-to-tons-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/topsoil-cubic-yards-to-tons-calculator/"
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          "slug": "topsoil-screened-cubic-yards-to-tons-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/topsoil-screened-cubic-yards-to-tons-calculator/"
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          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/topsoil-screened-tons-to-cubic-yards-calculator/"
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          "slug": "topsoil-tons-to-cubic-yards-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/topsoil-tons-to-cubic-yards-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "weight-to-volume-material-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/measurements-conversions/weight-to-volume-material-calculator/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "concrete",
      "cells": {
        "material": {
          "kind": "text",
          "text": "Concrete, normal weight"
        },
        "metric": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 2400,
          "precision": 0
        },
        "imperial": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 150,
          "precision": 1
        }
      },
      "source": {
        "kind": "trade-practice",
        "text": "Bulk densities as this site's calculators use them. No standard fixes the density of a loose material — what a yard delivers depends on the source, the grading and the weather — so these are working figures rather than published values, and a load close to a limit should be weighed rather than calculated."
      },
      "note": "Normal-weight concrete, cured, without reinforcement. Lightweight mixes run a third lower and are a different design decision entirely.",
      "attachedCalculators": 14,
      "usedBy": [
        {
          "slug": "concrete-elastic-modulus-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/concrete-elastic-modulus-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "concrete-mix-ratio-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/concrete-mix-ratio-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "concrete-unit-weight-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/concrete-unit-weight-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "concrete-yield-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/concrete-yield-calculator/"
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        {
          "slug": "debris-weight-volume-conversion-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/debris-weight-volume-conversion-calculator/"
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          "slug": "material-weight-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/material-weight-calculator/"
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        {
          "slug": "pier-adfreeze-uplift-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/pier-adfreeze-uplift-calculator/"
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        {
          "slug": "scc-formwork-pressure-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/scc-formwork-pressure-calculator/"
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        {
          "slug": "skip-and-dumpster-size-calculator",
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        {
          "slug": "slab-rebar-combined-mass-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/slab-rebar-combined-mass-calculator/"
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        {
          "slug": "temporary-needle-prop-load-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/temporary-needle-prop-load-calculator/"
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          "slug": "wall-formwork-pressure-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/wall-formwork-pressure-calculator/"
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          "slug": "wet-concrete-cubic-yards-to-tons-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/wet-concrete-cubic-yards-to-tons-calculator/"
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          "slug": "wet-concrete-tons-to-cubic-yards-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/wet-concrete-tons-to-cubic-yards-calculator/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "crushed-stone",
      "cells": {
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          "text": "Crushed stone"
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          "kind": "point",
          "value": 1550,
          "precision": 0
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        "imperial": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 97,
          "precision": 1
        }
      },
      "source": {
        "kind": "trade-practice",
        "text": "Bulk densities as this site's calculators use them. No standard fixes the density of a loose material — what a yard delivers depends on the source, the grading and the weather — so these are working figures rather than published values, and a load close to a limit should be weighed rather than calculated."
      },
      "note": "Loose. Angular crushed stone locks together when compacted and gains more from compaction than a rounded gravel does.",
      "attachedCalculators": 5,
      "usedBy": [
        {
          "slug": "gravel-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/landscaping-outdoor/gravel-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "gravel-driveway-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/auto-utility/gravel-driveway-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "material-volume-to-weight-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/measurements-conversions/material-volume-to-weight-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "material-weight-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/material-weight-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "weight-to-volume-material-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/measurements-conversions/weight-to-volume-material-calculator/"
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      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "asphalt",
      "cells": {
        "material": {
          "kind": "text",
          "text": "Asphalt, compacted"
        },
        "metric": {
          "kind": "band",
          "low": 2323,
          "high": 2350,
          "precision": 0
        },
        "imperial": {
          "kind": "band",
          "low": 145,
          "high": 147,
          "precision": 1
        }
      },
      "source": {
        "kind": "trade-practice",
        "text": "Bulk densities as this site's calculators use them. No standard fixes the density of a loose material — what a yard delivers depends on the source, the grading and the weather — so these are working figures rather than published values, and a load close to a limit should be weighed rather than calculated."
      },
      "note": "Compacted, in place. Loose mix in the back of a lorry is lighter, so a tonnage figured from compacted density buys the right amount of material and the wrong amount of space. The Asphalt Cubic Yards to Tons pages and the Asphalt Driveway Calculator work on 145 lb/ft³ for compacted hot mix, which is 2,323 kg/m³, where the material weight page uses 2,350.",
      "attachedCalculators": 5,
      "usedBy": [
        {
          "slug": "asphalt-cubic-yards-to-tons-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/asphalt-cubic-yards-to-tons-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "asphalt-driveway-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/auto-utility/asphalt-driveway-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "asphalt-in-place-density-gmm-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/asphalt-in-place-density-gmm-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "asphalt-tons-to-cubic-yards-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/asphalt-tons-to-cubic-yards-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "material-weight-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/material-weight-calculator/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mulch",
      "cells": {
        "material": {
          "kind": "text",
          "text": "Bark mulch"
        },
        "metric": {
          "kind": "band",
          "low": 356,
          "high": 475,
          "precision": 0
        },
        "imperial": {
          "kind": "band",
          "low": 22.2,
          "high": 29.6,
          "precision": 1
        }
      },
      "source": {
        "kind": "trade-practice",
        "text": "Bulk densities as this site's calculators use them. No standard fixes the density of a loose material — what a yard delivers depends on the source, the grading and the weather — so these are working figures rather than published values, and a load close to a limit should be weighed rather than calculated."
      },
      "note": "The most variable row on the page, and the one where this site's own pages differ most. Species, particle size and how long a load has been rained on all move the density of a bark or wood mulch, and a wet load is heavier again. The generic volume-to-weight pages use 600 lb per cubic yard (356 kg/m³), the Bark Mulch Cubic Yards to Tons pages 0.35 short tons per cubic yard (415) and the Mulch Cubic Yards to Tons pages 0.4 (475), where the material weight page uses 400.",
      "attachedCalculators": 7,
      "usedBy": [
        {
          "slug": "bark-mulch-cubic-yards-to-tons-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/landscaping-outdoor/bark-mulch-cubic-yards-to-tons-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "bark-mulch-tons-to-cubic-yards-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/landscaping-outdoor/bark-mulch-tons-to-cubic-yards-calculator/"
        },
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          "slug": "material-volume-to-weight-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/measurements-conversions/material-volume-to-weight-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "material-weight-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/material-weight-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "mulch-cubic-yards-to-tons-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/landscaping-outdoor/mulch-cubic-yards-to-tons-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "mulch-tons-to-cubic-yards-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/landscaping-outdoor/mulch-tons-to-cubic-yards-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "weight-to-volume-material-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/measurements-conversions/weight-to-volume-material-calculator/"
        }
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    {
      "id": "compost",
      "cells": {
        "material": {
          "kind": "text",
          "text": "Compost"
        },
        "metric": {
          "kind": "band",
          "low": 550,
          "high": 712,
          "precision": 0
        },
        "imperial": {
          "kind": "band",
          "low": 34,
          "high": 44.4,
          "precision": 1
        }
      },
      "source": {
        "kind": "trade-practice",
        "text": "Bulk densities as this site's calculators use them. No standard fixes the density of a loose material — what a yard delivers depends on the source, the grading and the weather — so these are working figures rather than published values, and a load close to a limit should be weighed rather than calculated."
      },
      "note": "Screened compost, damp as delivered. Drier material is lighter and a load left uncovered through a wet week is heavier. The Compost Cubic Yards to Tons pages work on 0.6 short tons per cubic yard, which is 712 kg/m³, where the material weight page uses 550.",
      "attachedCalculators": 4,
      "usedBy": [
        {
          "slug": "compost-cubic-yards-to-tons-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/compost-cubic-yards-to-tons-calculator/"
        },
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          "slug": "compost-tons-to-cubic-yards-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/compost-tons-to-cubic-yards-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "garden-soil-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/landscaping-outdoor/garden-soil-calculator/"
        },
        {
          "slug": "material-weight-calculator",
          "url": "https://craftquantities.com/calculators/materials-quantities/material-weight-calculator/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "water",
      "cells": {
        "material": {
          "kind": "text",
          "text": "Water"
        },
        "metric": {
          "kind": "point",
          "value": 1000,
          "precision": 0
        },
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